Microsoft Word and Microsoft PowerPoint Business Requirements

Question: 1. Exhibition of the essentials of working a PC framework to reestablish, recover, analysse and present information. 2. Depict the manners by which data innovation can add to expanded profitability and upgrade the nature of the executives. Depict the extent of equipment programming as of now being used and the mechanical advances occurring. Answer: Presentation The point of this report is to give data about office profitability applications including word handling programming and introduction programming. The administration of the association the Rose Ltd. is especially keen on looking at the advantages of a word handling programming to an introduction programming. They need appropriate programming for composing minutes of executive gatherings and for conveying an introduction on the board in various executive gatherings. The target of the report is to concentrate on the definitions, key highlights and advantages of word handling programming and introduction programming and giving a proposal to the administration for satisfying their business necessities identified with word preparing programming and introduction programming. Examination Word Processing Software A word handling programming is a unique sort of use programming that is utilized for making and controlling content archives. It gives a wide scope of highlights and functionalities for supporting composing, organizing and altering text-based archives like reports, continue, etc. There are different apparatuses and additional items packaged with a word processor programming. These apparatuses can assist with improving a content record with progressively visual segments. A word processor programming is in excess of a content manager programming. Word processor programming can work for plain content just as rich content. Some well known word preparing programming are Microsoft Word that accompanies Microsoft Office, Writer in OpenOffice and iWork from Apple (Oja Parsons, 2012). The advantages of a word preparing programming are, It assists with sorting out data on a book archive in an effectively clear and arranged manner. It is anything but difficult to take print out or alter some piece of a book record. Word prepared documents are versatile and can be appended to an email or carried on an information stockpiling gadget. The record size isn't exceptionally huge (Parsons, et al., 2015). It assists with working together by utilizing remarks, references, etc. Presently, word preparing programming are additionally accessible on a distributed computing stage, so that can carry the cooperation to some next level. It is a practical arrangement as it doesn't redesign the product as often as possible and the vast majority of the generally utilized Word Processing programming are cross-good and past form perfect (Oja Parsons, 2012). It offer security of a record utilizing passwords and read the main mode. A portion of the significant highlights of Word preparing programming are, It assists with making, alter, spare and print text-based records. It underpins altering like duplicate, glue, cut inside a content report, It underpins different organizing alternatives like changing textual style type, heading style, page direction, including shots and numbering, featuring text, arrangement of text, edges, shades of textual styles and foundation, etc (Parsons, et al., 2015). It underpins propelled highlights like mail combine, making and release tables, including pictures and graphs into a book record, etc. A word processor programming can highlights like spelling and sentence structure checking, including chapter by chapter list, including reference records and list of sources list utilizing individual apparatuses Introduction Software An introduction programming is another extraordinary kind of utilization programming that assists with recounting to a story through a succession of slides' or assortment of sight and sound parts. An introduction programming is fundamentally utilized for introducing a thought or some data in a type of a grouping of graphical components. It is for the most part utilized for giving an introduction or discourse to a gathering of crowd. The term introduction programming is a moderately wide term. Be that as it may, the extent of this report is constrained to introduction programming utilized for business introductions and these are utilized for giving a thought the help of some sight and sound parts, movements and progress impacts. Some famous instances of business introduction programming are, Microsoft PowerPoint, Prezi, etc (Oja Parsons, 2012). The advantages of an introduction programming are (Beskeen, et al., 2013), It assists with making business introductions in a quicker and helpful manner. Moderator or speaker can change the stream and speed of an introduction. It assists with maintaining the attention on crowd and cooperations with the crowd. The introduction can be stopped and played like a media record. It assists with making individuals progressively gainful and increasingly inventive. A portion of the significant highlights of an introduction programming are (Beskeen, et al., 2013), Introduction programming assists with planning frameworks and add segments to make a simple progression of a narrating through an introduction. It assists with including mixed media segments like sound, video, pictures on an introduction It assists with robotizing the introduction as indicated by the pace of the moderator. It assists with making an introduction increasingly intuitive by utilizing activitys and changes. It bolsters include for adding speaker notes to an introduction An introduction can be printed out with blueprints and talking notes. Altering and designing an introduction has gotten simpler with an introduction programming. Proposal and Conclusion It is suggested for the Rose Ltd. that they utilize the most recent stable variant of Microsoft Word and Microsoft PowerPoint for their business prerequisites. The Microsoft Word will assist them with keeping records of the minutes of a conference. It tends to be masterminded in a bulleted list or numbered list. There are different arranging choices for survey, remarking in any event, having the equivalent with individuals as a read-just record. Further, they can utilize alternatives like featuring, underline, accentuation, etc to make the reports progressively lucid (Parsons, et al., 2015). The Microsoft PowerPoint will assist the business with creating all around created slides and introduction to make a gathering all the more captivating and intelligent. It can assist with building a more summed up adaptation of the introduction. They can add speaker notes and frameworks to an introduction and afterward can take a basic printout of those archives and follow the equivalent while gi ving an introduction before the focused on crowd. Book index Beskeen, D. W. et al., 2013. Microsoft Office 2013. s.l.:Cengage Learning. Freund, S. M., Jones, M. Starks, J. L., 2013. Microsoft Excel 2013. s.l.:Cengage Learning. Kantaris, N., 2013. Microsoft Office 2013 Explained. s.l.:Bernard Babani Publishing. Oja, D. Parsons, J. J., 2012. PC Concepts: Illustrated Introductory. s.l.:Cengage Learning. Parsons, J. J. et al., 2015. Upgraded Computer Concepts and Microsoft Office 2013 Illustrated. s.l.:Cengage Learning. Reding, E. E., 2013. Microsoft Excel 2013. s.l.:Cengage Learning. Steven M. Freund, M. J. J. L. S., n.d. Microsoft Excel 2013. s.l.:s.n.

Reason for Facebooks Age Limit

Purpose behind Facebook's Age Limit Have you at any point attempted to make a Facebook account and gotten this blunder message: You are ineligible to pursue Facebook? Provided that this is true, its probable you dont meet Facebooks age limit. Facebook and other online internet based life destinations and email administrations are denied by government law from permitting kids under 13 make accounts without the assent of their folks or lawful watchmen. In the event that you were puzzled in the wake of being dismissed by Facebooks age limit, theres a provision in that spot in the Statement of Rights and Responsibilities you acknowledge when you make a Facebook account: You won't use Facebook on the off chance that you are under 13. Age Limit for Gmail and Yahoo! The equivalent goes for electronic email administrations including Googles Gmail and Yahoo! Mail.​ In the event that youre not 13 years of age, youll get this message when attempting to pursue a Gmail account: Google couldn't make your record. So as to have a Google Account, you should meet specific age necessities. In the event that youre younger than 13 and attempt to pursue a Yahoo! Mail account, youll additionally be dismissed with this message: Yippee! is worried about the wellbeing and security of every one of its clients, especially youngsters. Therefore, guardians of youngsters younger than 13 who wish to permit their kids access to the Yahoo! Administrations must make a Yahoo! Family Account. Government Law Sets Age Limit So for what reason do Facebook, Gmail, and Yahoo! boycott clients under 13 without parental assent? Theyre required to under the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act, a government law went in 1998. The Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act has been refreshed since it was marked into law, including amendments that endeavor to address the expanded utilization of cell phones, for example, iPhones and iPads and informal communication administrations including Facebook and Google. Among the updates was a prerequisite that site and web-based social networking administrations can't gather geolocation data, photos or recordings from clients younger than 13 without telling and accepting assent from guardians or gatekeepers. How Some Youths Get Around the Age Limit Notwithstanding Facebooks age necessity and government law, a great many underage clients are known to have made records and keep up Facebook profiles. They do as such by lying about their age, regularly with full information on their folks. In 2012, distributed reports evaluated some 7.5 million kids had Facebook records of the 900 million individuals who were utilizing the interpersonal organization at that point. Facebook said the quantity of underage clients featured exactly that it is so hard to uphold age limitations on the Internet, particularly when guardians need their youngsters to get to online substance and administrations. Facebook permits clients to report youngsters younger than 13. Note that well expeditiously erase the record of any kid younger than 13 that is accounted for to us through this structure, the organization states. Facebook is likewise taking a shot at a framework that would permit kids under 13 to make a record that would be connected to those held by their folks. Is the Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act Effective? Congress proposed the Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act to shield adolescents from ruthless showcasing just as following and abducting, the two of which turned out to be increasingly predominant as access to the Internet and PCs developed, as per the Federal Trade Commission, which is liable for authorizing the law. In any case, numerous organizations have only constrained their showcasing endeavors toward clients age 13 and more seasoned, implying that kids who lie about their age are very to be exposed to such crusades and the utilization of their own data. In 2010, a Pew Internet study found that: Teenagers keep on being eager clients of long range informal communication sites †as of September 2009, 73% of online American youngsters ages 12 to 17 utilized an online interpersonal organization site, a measurement that has kept on climbing upwards from 55% in November 2006 and 65% in February 2008.

What Does Authenticity Really Mean

What Does Authenticity Really Mean The word ‘authenticity’ has become a major buzzword among marketers.Authenticity has been touted to be a key for success in the 21st century, and brands are defining their missions and creating their processes around the concept of authenticity.While it might appear to be another marketing buzzword that will disappear in a few years, there is good reason behind its popularity, and there is a high likelihood that it is here to stay.In today’s highly connected digital world, customers don’t simply buy from brands because they have good products.They also want brands to stand for something and to be authentic.According to a survey carried out by PR agency Cohn Wolfe, 89% of customers expect authenticity from brands. Source: SlideshareSo, authenticity is here to stay, but question is, what exactly is it?WHAT IS AUTHENTICITY? Based on the definition by the Journal of Consumer Psychology, brand authenticity is”“the extent to which consumers expect a brand to be faithful towards itself, true to its customers, motivated by caring and responsibility, and able to support consumers in being true to themselves.”According to the above definition, brand authenticity consists of four key components:Brand continuity â€" the brand being faithful to itself and its core values)Credibility â€" being true to customersIntegrity â€" motivated by responsibility and caring, not just profitsSymbolism â€" it should support customers in their quest to be true to themselvesIn other words, brands that are authentic are true to their customers, they stand for what their customers stand for, and they help customers to be true to themselves.Yet another definition of brand authenticity has been suggested by Geoff Beatti e, Global Practice Leader of Corporate Affairs at Cohn Wolfe.According to Beattie, an authentic brand is one that has morals and values and sticks with them at all times, while at the same time being honest and transparent about its practices, including its flaws.Authentic brands are reliable, respectable and real. They are not pretentious. They do not thrive on falsehoods.They don’t claim to be something they are not or pretend to stand for something that they don’t. They walk their talk, and consumers know what to expect with these brands.As a result, customers become more invested in the success of these brands.They are loyal to the brand and will buy products from these brands even when there are less expensive alternatives.This is why authentic brands to be very profitable.A good example of an authentic brand is Patagonia, an American clothing company that markets and sells outdoor clothing.Ever since it was founded in 1973, Patagonia has made a pledge to create the highes t quality outdoor clothing in the market, cause no unnecessary damage to the environment, and use business to inspire solutions to the environmental crisis.Of course, any company can make such a bold claim.Authentic brands, however, go beyond making a pledge. They follow through with the pledge and embrace transparency to show that they are actually acting on their pledge.This is exactly what Patagonia has always done.The company has taken several bold steps in its quest to champion for environmental conservation.Patagonia has made investments in renewable energy (which does not fall within their core business).They have implemented chemical and environmental impact programs to help reduce the impact of their global supply chain on the environment. They donate 1% of their profits to grassroots environmental programs.They have a “drive less” program that gives employees financial incentives to car-pool to and from work, thus saving reducing carbon emissions and reliance on fossil fuels. They promote fair labor practices across their global supply chain. They also champion for various environmental causes.Perhaps two of their most significant campaigns championing for environmental conservation are the “Worn Wear” program, which encourages customers to repair and recycle their used garments so that they last longer, as well as their “Don’t Buy This Jacket” campaign, whose aim was to encourage customers to think about the effect of wanton consumerism on the environment, and to encourage them to only buy stuff they need.WHY IS AUTHENTICITY IMPORTANT?In the past, businesses were ready to go to whatever lengths it took to make a sale.They swore they had the best product in the world, they exaggerated the features of their products, and generally made some very grand promises, even if they were in no position to fulfill these promises.In the last few decades, however, consumer behavior has evolved.Consumers have become savvier, and they are no longer mo ved by traditional marketing techniques.The shopping habits of millennials and generation Z are different from those of their predecessors.They don’t just want to buy from brands with the best products or the lowest prices, they also want to buy from brands that stand for something bigger than profits.According to a survey by Boston Consulting Group (BCG), authenticity is the second most important thing millennials consider when deciding whether to support a brand, with loyalty discounts coming first.For brands, embracing authenticity boils down to giving consumers a reason to care about your brand. The modern consumer believes that he cares for more than himself.Before making a purchase, he wants to believe that his purchase will make a positive difference somewhere.He believes that his hard-earned dollars should only be spent if they help support something he believes in.And he wants the brands he supports to support what he believes in.He will give support to brands that show e nthusiasm, integrity, honesty, and support for a cause, and he can easily spot a brand that is only pretending.In the age of this modern consumer, being seen as inauthentic can be very damaging to a brand.Apart from helping you keep up with evolving consumer behavior, being authentic will help you:Break Above the NoiseThere is so much competition in the modern world.Everyone is constantly fighting for consumers’ attention. Everywhere you turn, someone is trying to sell you something.According to digital marketing experts, the average person sees between 4000 to 10,000 ads.Every. Single. Day.You might be wondering why you never seem to notice so many ads.Well, 4,000 ads per day is a lot of information, too much for the brain to actually absorb and digest.With so many ads vying for our attention, our brains have learnt to ignore majority of ads, a phenomenon known as banner blindness.Basically, we see a lot of advertisements without actually taking note of them, because our brains a re purposefully ignoring them.In addition, people have come up with ways of consciously shutting off ads, using tools such as anti-spam filters for their emails and ad blockers for their browsers.If you follow the traditional way of simply sending out a message about how good your products are or how cheap they are, there is a high chance that majority of people will miss the message, either because of banner blindness, or because they are blocking advertisements.The key to breaking above the noise and clutter of all these ads is to be authentic.If you can show people that your brand cares about something more than profits, if you support the same causes as your customers, if you are honest about your brand’s flaws, then your customers will turn to brand evangelists, marketing your brand to their friends through word-of-mouth and allowing you to bypass the roadblocks I discussed above.Make a Stronger ConnectionLike I mentioned earlier, the modern consumer wants to feel that they c are, that their purchases are helping make a change.Authentic brands use genuine messages and ideas that resonate powerfully with their customers, which results in a stronger emotional connection between your brand and customers.Considering that 95% of buying decisions are made based on emotions, creating a stronger emotional connection with your customers will have a positive impact on your books.Differentiate YourselfEvery marketer knows that the key to gaining a competitive advantage is to differentiate themselves from the competition.However, most brands try to differentiate themselves from the competition by solely focusing on the characteristics of their products and services.Authentic brands know this is not the best approach.Authentic brands create differentiation through their core purpose. Instead of focusing on what they do, they focus on WHY they do it.Even when their products are almost similar to their competitors’ products, focus on their core purpose makes them ver y distinct from their competitors.It also creates an avenue for customers to identify with the company, leading to increased brand loyalty.Solidify Your Brand AuthorityAuthentic brands don’t try to please everyone. They know that is both phony and impossible.Instead, they put all their focus on what they do best.They decide what they stand for, and then identify a unique value that allows them to pursue what they stand for and nothing else.For instance, Vans is focused on the skating and BMX sub-culture, and everything they do is focused on this subculture. Vans even helped construct skate parks in various cities.When a brand is so focused on a niche, they eventually become the authority on the niche, and anyone who thinks about the niche automatically associates it with your brand.This creates an unshakeable confidence and trust in your brand and turns you into an industry leader. Naturally, this will convert into profits.Enhance Customer Trust and LoyaltyAuthentic brands not onl y make bold promises to their customers, they also deliver on these promises, allowing them to cultivate trust and loyalty within their customers â€" two things that are becoming increasingly difficult for brands to achieve in the modern world.Customers know what kind of experience to expect whenever they interact with the brand, and they know they will always get this kind of experience.In addition, most authentic brands allow their customers to get a glimpse into how they operate behind the scenes, which helps foster even more trust.HOW TO BUILD AN AUTHENTIC BRANDBuilding an authentic brand might seem easy, but it is not. It involves being honest and transparent with your customers.It involves showing your customers that your brand has a human side and that it cares about its customers.It involves accepting that your brand is not perfect, and showing customers that the brand is constantly working on improving itself and its customers’ lives.All this is not easy to achieve, but i t can be done. Below are a few tips to help you on the path to building an authentic brand.Be RealThis is the most important thing to keep in mind while on your quest to build an authentic brand.On the face of it, it seems like something very simple, but if you ponder on it for a moment, you might ask yourself what exactly it means to be real.Being real means going back to the basics and identifying the core elements of your brand story. Who exactly are you? What does your brand stand for? What are its core values, ethics, and beliefs? What is the purpose of your brand? What drives your brand?Once you identify the core elements of your brand story, the next thing you need to do is to push those ideals into every aspect of your business.Everything you do as a brand should reflect these core elements.This is what it means to be real.Be ConsistentIt is impossible to achieve authenticity if you are inconsistent. Inconsistency leads to suspicion and mistrust, since customers do not know what to expect from you.If you want to be seen as authentic, your essential message should remain the same, despite the marketing channel you are using to pass the message or the marketing campaign you are running.Think about a brand like Red Bull, which markets its beverages as the fuel that powers those who want to achieve the extraordinary.Everything Red Bull has done, every marketing campaign it has launched, and every sporting event it has sponsored has one message â€" Red Bull gives you the wings to achieve the extraordinary.This is what consistency means.Always providing consumers with the same image and message about your brand.Show Rather Than TellAny brand can make a pompous claim or promise; the difference comes when it’s time to deliver on the promise. If you want your brand to be perceived as authentic, you have to walk the talk.Consumers are not stupid. They can see through all the innovative marketing campaigns you launch online and the banter you post on your socia l media pages. You have to follow your message with action.Let’s take a look at Patagonia once more.The clothing brand claim that they will cause no unnecessary harm to the environment, and that they will use the business to champion for environmental conservation, but they don’t stop there.They actually put their money where their mouth is by investing in various campaigns and programs that help conserve the environment.Furthermore, they are transparent, showing customers what goes on behind-the-scenes in everything they do.Similarly, if you want your brand to be seen as authentic, not only should deliver on your promises, you should also embrace transparency. You should be able to prove all the claims you make, and allow customers to see you doing what you claim to stand for.Engage Your CustomersYour brand image extends beyond the message you put about your company. Your brand image is also influenced by the things other people say about you.Therefore, part of being authentic is inviting your customers into a conversation with you. Instead of just talking at them, you have a discussion about what their opinion of your brand.By holding conversations with them, listening to what they have to say, and adapting your products and services, voice and marketing strategies to match the feedback you receive from them, the more authentic you will appear. It shows them that you actually care about them.Hold Yourself AccountableOne of the biggest mistakes many brands make is to try and appear to be perfect. This is being disillusioned, because no business is perfect. Perfection is a mirage.Your customers know this, and trying to sell the image of perfection will only make your brand seem phony. In truth, every business will make a mistake here and there.If you want to be seen as authentic, you should be ready to hold yourself accountable. If your brand makes a mistake, own up to it, apologize to your customers, and let them know what you are doing to remedy the situ ation.You should be the first to bring the mistake to light. If the mistake is reported by someone else, they might cause irreparable damage to your brand image.By remaining humble and apologizing about your mistakes, you are showing that your brand is human â€" after all, every human makes a mistake.Domino’s Pizza is a good example of what it means to hold yourself accountable. Sometime back, Domino’s Pizza CEO noticed that their reviews were not very great.Instead of trying to sweep this under the carpet, they decided to be honest about their failings. They acknowledged that the reviews claiming that their pizza was nowhere near perfect were correct.They gathered more feedback from customers and embarked on a process of redesigning their whole pizza-making process from scratch, documenting the entire process and inviting customers to try out their new pizza for free. After doing this, their sales and profits doubled, and the brand was perceived to be more authentic.Don’t For get Your Positive SideWhile authenticity requires you to be honest and to own up to your mistakes, this does not mean you should forget about the positive side of your brand.You should not try to manipulate your reviews or try to hide the negative reviews about your brand, but you should direct more focus on highlighting the positive things customers are saying about your brand.Showing testimonials from real people talking about their positive experience with your brand can be a great way to ramp up your authenticity.Use Your Authentic Brand VoiceYour brand voice should be authentic to your target audience.For instance, if your business sells trucks to middle aged dads, you will have a very different voice to someone selling fashion items to rich twenty-something year old women.If you attempt talking to the young women the same way you would talk to middle aged men, your brand will quickly be seen as inauthentic.Therefore, you should always use a brand voice that corresponds to your niche and your target audience.If you haven’t developed a brand voice, you need to go back to the drawing board and think about what your brand represents, what your customers expect, and what your niche entails, and then come up with a brand voice that will help tie your brand to the needs and preferences of your target audience.Once you have identified a brand voice, make sure all your communications reflect this brand voice.Tell A StoryStorytelling is something that has been gaining lots of traction in the marketing world in recent times. It has even been touted to be the future of marketing, and many brands are engaging in storytelling.However, most brands focus their story on the corporate entity, something that customers find hard to relate to.If you want to achieve authenticity through storytelling, you should focus on stories that show the human side of your brand.In your story, show where your brand came from, where it is going, what it is doing to get there, and how it has impacted the lives of its customers during that journey.Telling a story gives you another chance to be real, to show in human perspective the core values, ethics, beliefs, and goals of your brand.WRAPPING UPIn today’s world where every consumer is connected and savvy, the only way to break above the noise, differentiate yourself from the competition and make a strong connection with your customers is to be authentic.You need to determine the values that drive your brand and ensure that your brand message is aligned with these values.While creating an authentic brand is not easy, the tips shared above will help you on the path to building an authentic brand.

Why Gay Men And Gay Couples Should Be Legal - 944 Words

How Gay Men and Lesbians Perform as Parents Compared to Heterosexual Couples Recently, controversies have been witnessed concerning the issues of gender and sexuality. For example, the US government has issued directives regarding the legality of same-sex relationships. Several states in America have legalized homosexuality while the others have remained adamant to accept such sexual orientations. Same-sex and transgender couples have been facing prejudice, discrimination, and hatred from the general public that supports heterosexual relationships. However, the legitimacy of any form of sexuality should be determined following an empirical research and analysis rather than drawing conclusions from unsubstantiated arguments. The most common†¦show more content†¦This shows that just like heterosexual parents, same-sex couples have good parenting skills. When it comes to their children, they show no differences as they grow up when they are compared to the children from heterosexual couples. When a study of children between the age of five and fourteen years was conducted, the results showed that children of homosexual females depicted the normal pattern of development in gender identity (Patterson, 2005). Other studies have also confirmed that such children show normal gender-based behaviors and sexual orientation. Across a wide range of empirical researches, it has been found out that adjustments in such areas like school, family relations, and personality of children from same-sex couples do not differ with those of the children from heterosexual parents (Wainright et al., 2004). Therefore, assertions that the same-sex couples are unfit for parenting lack empirical basis. Gender Transition and Relationship A romantic relationship features two individuals, either of the same or different sexes developing reciprocal affection. It is important to note that there is nothing abnormal when someone is in love with a transgender person. The two lovers develop an interest in each other, and they appreciate their sexual nature. Also, love entails a lot apart from the sexual relationship. It is a source of understanding and support. Therefore, when a partner decides to goShow MoreRelatedStop The Madness: Gay Marriages Should be Banned Essay676 Words   |  3 Pagesright for same-sex couples to marry. Should gay marriages be legal? Why should our nation accommodate such a dreadful Supreme Court ruling? Gay couples have become a major problem for our children. Children only repeat what they hear, see, and other habits from their role models. Our children are the ones who are being subjected to these horrifying situations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gay marriages should be banned because God did not intend women to sleep with each other, nor men with men. It is a major sin.Read MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1169 Words   |  5 PagesGay marriage should be legalized. Our civil rights and the Constitution give us many liberties. One of our civil liberties is the pursuit of happiness, which homosexual people are not allowed to chase. They cannot be married to the person they love and it violates their freedoms. According to professorshouse.com, â€Å"In Alaska, Nevada, Montana, Oregon, Utah, Nebraska, Missouri, Michigan, North Dakota, Ohio, Kentucky, Oklahoma, Kansas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, Texas, and Alabama, notRead MoreBenefits Of Same Sex Marriage1687 Words   |  7 PagesBenefit of homosexual Marriage in the U.S.A How do we look at the gay marriage? Did they have freedom in the U.S? What are their rights? In 1958, the supreme court of the United States said they can’t support gay marriage. Through this journey from that time until now, American change a lot of rules for the gay marriage as a legal protection against discrimination, they can marry in at least seventeen states and adopt children (Walter Frank 1).In additional they can get married at most in 36 states(StewartRead MoreLgbt Marital Rights. Could You Imagine Not Being Able To1260 Words   |  6 Pageswith? There are many benefits, rights, and protections available to married couples in the federal law. These benefits, rights, and protections include things like, tax benefits, government benefits, employment benefits, death benefits, family benefits, and more! In 2017, marriage is an internationally recognized right for all people, as of 2015. But it has not always been that way. Gay people are already unable to adopt; should they really not have the right to marry either? Over many years, the homosexualRead MoreSame-Sex Marriage Essay1536 Words   |  7 Pagestogether. So, a marriage would constitute as a joining together of two individuals into a legal union, which means being joined as one. Some of the many purposes of marriage would include: family, companionship, financial benefits, commitment, and love. Starting a family is an important part of getting married, as well as the commitment to love just the one person for the rest of their lives. Financially, married couples would combine their savings into one big account, helping each other with purchasesRead MoreEssay on The Right to Same Sex Marriage1590 Words   |  7 PagesIt is not measured by whether it is a man and a woman, or a couple of the same sex. It is measured by how much a couple loves each other and cares for each other.†(Cheney, 2009) Looking at that definition of marriage, there should never be any reason to deny two people that love each other the right to legally expres s it by marrying one another. 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Also, the federal government of the United States does not recognize the marriages of same-sex couples and is prohibited from doing so by the Defense of Marriage Act of 1996. â€Å"The Defense of Marriage Act, which was passed on September 21, 1996, defines marriage as a legal u nion between one man and one woman for purposes of allRead MoreCompare and Contrast Two Views of Gay Marriage Essay815 Words   |  4 Pageshad written supporting gay marriage in America. Bennett started out by first issuing two key points as to what divides the proponents and opponents of same-sex marriages. The two articles are derived from Sibylle Gruber’s Constructing Others: Constructing Ourselves edition. Bennett notions that legalizing same-sex marriage would weaken the meaning of it and outlines what the basic concept of marriage is. Throughout the article Bennett argues why same-sex marriage should not be legalized by movingRead MoreEssay about Legalizing Same-Sex Marriage1121 Words   |  5 Pagessome people who think that gay people have no rights and should never be allowed to marry. Other people believe that gay people are just like anyone else and should enjoy the same rights and privileges as heterosexuals do. People opposing gay marriage argue that a co uple of the same sex getting married would redefine the word marriage, the purpose of marrying is to procreate, and they should settle for Civil Unions instead. I feel that all fifty states in the U.S. should allow same-sex marriages.

Essay about Meanings of Intelligence and Adaptive Behavior

Meanings of Intelligence and Adaptive Behavior Tina Dean Grand Canyon University: SPE 553 November 26, 2012 Meanings of Intelligence and Adaptive Behavior Until several years ago, many students who were classified as having ID or assigned into an inclusion classroom were not expected to participate in standardized testing, however as late, everyone in public schools is expected to participate in standardized assessments. Some educators are happy with the change while others are concerned the assessments are not an accurate assessment of what students actually know. For many students with learning disabilities, standardized assessments often don’t accurately indicate what the student truly knows and where they have deficits. One†¦show more content†¦Inclusion needs to be implemented in a way that will not only boost the quality of performance generated by the assessment but also the constructive outcome of the education being provided. The difficulty therefore lies in being able to implement a sound assessment because of the significant essential factors. One factor that would have to be determined is how many special education students would qualify as ineligible to partake in the regular education assessments. Another factor that would be solved would be how the regular education assessment could be enhanced to better suit the needs of the special education students. Also, the decision would have to be made to determine the criteria for students who would qualify for accommodations and which accommodations would be appropriate. In order for all these decisions to be made, it is essential for all the characteristics as well as the needs of the indentified students be met, and it is almost impo ssible if the identification and classification of the students continue to be inconsistent. Another problem with assessing indentified students is the fact of accommodations. 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Health Psychology Stress and Well Being Free Essays

string(57) " how the individual appraises the situation or stressor\." Health Psychology: Stress and Well Being Shavonia Finley PSY 101: Introduction to Psychology Destiny Champion February 14, 2011 Health Psychology: Stress and Well Being In everyone’s life a little stress must fall. We all have to deal with daily hassles and various personal stressors that effect our emotional and physical health. The manner in which we deal with these stressors can alleviate or reduce stress or it can make things worse. We will write a custom essay sample on Health Psychology: Stress and Well Being or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mind and body issues have bemused philosophers and psychologists since the ancient Greeks; however recently a new subfield in psychology has immerged to investigate the subject. Health psychology focuses on psychological factors and how they relate to wellness and illness. This would include prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of various medical ailments. More specifically, psychoneuroimmunology is a growing field dedicated to examining how psychological factors, the immune system, and the brain work together. For most people life is filled with small hassles that recur on a regular basis. Busy schedules at home and at work coupled with a traffic filled commute before your day even gets going can cause stress. These stressors are known as background stressors and are the most easily dealt with. They are the daily hassles that irritate us, do not require much coping, and are soon forgotten. Other background stressors can be classified as long term, chronic problems. Dissatisfaction with work, a relationship that is not fulfilling, or a culmination of minor stressors can manifest into health problems such as psychological symptoms, backaches, sore throat, or even the flu [ (Feldman, 2009) ]. The opposite of the daily hassle is uplifts. These are those positive little things that make us feel good. Uplifts are usually temporary, but when we experience more uplifts than stressors we experience less psychological symptoms. An example of an uplift might be something like getting a compliment or completing a task. Stressors such as the terrorist attack in 2001 or Hurricane Katrina in 2005 are classified as cataclysmic events. Cataclysmic events are experienced by many people at once and usually do not have potent, lingering effects. Social support is abundant because so many people share the same first-hand account of the event and can understand each other’s feelings. Another major category of stressors is personal stressors. This would be brought on by things that are more personal such as the loss of a job or the death of a loved one. These types of stressors yield an immediate response that tapers over time allowing us to better cope. How we initially react to a stressor shows that there is a direct link between our mental and physical functions. Walter Cannon’s research in biological psychology, early in the 20th century, led him to describe the â€Å"fight or flight† response of the sympathetic nervous system to perceived threats to physical or emotional security (Feldman, 2009). The body reacts with an increase in heart rate and blood pressure, increase in perspiration, hearing and vision become more acute, and the hands and feet become cold due to blood being directed to large muscles in preparation for fight or fleeing. Hans Selye took this a little further and popularized the concept of stress in the 1950’s. His theory, which he called general adaption syndrome, suggests all individuals have the same or similar response to threatening situations. He believed that not only did the sympathetic nervous system respond, but also the adrenal cortex and the pituitary gland. The theory is that enough epinephrine, or adrenaline, is produced to focus the body on immediate self preservation and shut down other functions such as digestion, reproduction, tissue repair, and the immune system. A constant threat or stressor would leave these functions inhibited and cause the individual to be susceptible to illness (Richmond, 1997). This inhibition of bodily functions can also exacerbate an existing illness. There are three stages; alarm and mobilization when the stressor is realized, resistance or the attempt to cope, and if coping was not adequate, exhaustion and the onset of negative consequences. One example of how stress can leave someone vulnerable to illness is clear when we look at the case of an adolescent girl named Tatiana. Tatiana has had to take on parental responsibilities for her little sister for the past several years, giving up all social time with her friends to do so. She has also had knowledge of the financial difficulties her parents have had to deal with recently. To make matters worse, she has had to move from her home, just as she is starting middle school, to a whole new state. Recently she presented with severe abdominal pains from constipation. None of the over-the-counter remedies helped and she was admitted to the hospital. She was diagnosed with a virus that paralyzed her intestines so the doctor gave her antibiotics and a special diet to follow. Unfortunately, her condition continued to decline and the doctors decided her symptoms were psychosomatic, implying her illness was not real. She eventually lost all muscle function in her arms and legs and was confined to a wheelchair. She then was enrolled in a program run by a health psychologist designed to treat psychophysiological disorders. Since her physical ailments were already being treated by a pediatrician they could concentrate on the psychological and emotional difficulties and how they all interacted. After two months in the program, Tatiana is now able to walk on her own and is no longer having digestive difficulties. As she has stated, â€Å"I was very angry with my parents. They never asked me what I wanted. They treat me like a baby, but they want me to do grown-up stuff. I hated them for that† (Wells, 2011). While Selye’s theory has impacted our understanding of stress, it has also been challenged. His theory suggests that no matter what the stressor, the biological reaction will be similar in all individuals. Health psychologists today believe the reaction is also determined by how the individual appraises the situation or stressor. You read "Health Psychology: Stress and Well Being" in category "Papers" For example, another adolescent in Tatiana’s situation may simply have acted out instead of becoming ill. The situation could have been perceived by another as stressful, but not unusual, therefore the different perception would result in a different outcome. Due to these differences in perspective, there has been an increased focus on psychoneuroimmunology and stress. Psychoneuroimmunology takes a broader approach to stress. It focuses more directly on the outcomes of stress; three main consequences have been identified. First, the physiological results of stress include increased blood pressure, hormonal activity, and an overall decline in the effectiveness of the immune system. Second, stress can cause people to behave in ways that are not productive and even harmful such as drug, alcohol, or nicotine use, poor eating habits, and a decrease in sleep. Third, indirect consequences that can cause a decline in health and the likelihood that medical advice will be ignored if ever sought. One of the biggest illnesses associated with stress is coronary heart disease. You may know someone who is always in competition with others, is easily irritated, or is overly aggressive. We all feel this way sometimes, but there are those who carry the set of personality traits know as the Type-A behavior pattern. Then there are those who fall into Type-B behavior pattern which is more patient, noncompetitive, nonaggressive, and cooperative. These two behavior types are the polar ends of a continuum and most people fall somewhere in the middle. Type-A personalities in males are highly associated with coronary heart disease. Hostility seems to be a key factor since it triggers the production of epinephrine and norepinephrine, increases heart rate, and raises blood pressure. When this response is exaggerated and continuous there is an increased incidence of coronary heart disease (Feldman, 2009). For most of society stress has been recognized as a part of life. Therefore people have devised many ways to control, reduce or tolerate it. These methods are known as coping and are often utilized in multiples. The most common methods of coping with stress are emotion-focused and problem-focused. Emotion-focused coping focuses on people trying to change the way they feel about or perceive a problem; like looking on the bright side. Problem-focused coping strategies include modification of the source of the stress; an example would be learning how to fix your own car to maintain and avoid costly repairs. Common coping methods vary widely in individuals. Most will choose healthy resolutions such as relaxation techniques to slow down the sympathetic nervous system. These include exercise, meditation, prayer, joining a support group, or any other activity that relaxes you such as painting or listening to music. There are also those who will choose unhealthy courses of action. For them alcohol use is the number one choice. Others may choose to use drugs, nicotine, overeat, or starve themselves. Some people choose yet another course of action called learned helplessness. This is when someone is faced with a situation that seems intolerable and they eventually give up. Their environment has ingrained in them that certain situations cannot be controlled or changed regardless if it can or not. The opposite would be the person with a hardy personality. They seem to have the most success with dealing with stress. This personality type has three distinct characteristics: commitment, challenge, and control. They usually throw themselves into whatever they are working on, they believe change is the norm in life rather than stability, and they give the perception that they can influence the events in their lives. Managing stress before it becomes too difficult to control is another aspect of coping. Having a healthy perspective of most situations will allow you to prioritize your life reducing the potential stressors. Also, having a realistic self image and reasonable expectations will allow you to set appropriate goals. The achievement of such goals will result in an uplift rather than a perceived failure. Once stress can be managed there can be a pursuit for happiness. Over the course of a life there will be times that are happier than others or not happy at all. In a study performed by Carol Ryff it was determined that happiness can be measured in six dimensions; prior studies did not include as many dimensions (1989). The dimensions described in her study would be self acceptance, positive relations with others, autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life, and personal growth. Her study surveyed 321 men and women of varying ages. Someone scoring high would possess a positive attitude toward themselves including their good and bad qualities. They would also show empathy towards others and understand the give and take of relationships. Autonomy is seen in someone who is independent and able to resist social pressures. Someone who has become an environmental master has a sense of competence in controlling external activities. Believing you have a purpose in life means you have goals and a sense of direction. Finally, having a feeling of continued development and openness to new experiences shows personal growth. Another study used the person-environment fit theory to compare work and family experiences to the person’s values and how they relate to stress and well-being. The idea behind the study was to see if the amount of supplies we value influences well-being when they increase and decrease. The dimensions looked at were autonomy, relationships, security, and segmentation. Person – environment fit theory says that stress occurs when there is a perceived mismatch between the environment and a person’s goals, desires, and values (Edwards Rothbard, 1999). Cognitive appraisal is directly incorporated into the concept of stress. Basically, person – environment theory predicts well-being when there is a perceived match in environment and values. The opposite, or stress, occurs when there is a mismatch. The onset of stress will cause mental and physical strain and stimulate efforts to cope. There are three reasons why well being should be higher when autonomy supplies and values are both high rather than low. First, high autonomy supplies may consist of high supplies for responsibility and authority, in other words accomplishment and status, which many people value. Second, desiring and attaining high levels of autonomy possibly constitutes a supply for values pertaining to accomplishment and adjustment. Third, autonomy allows for freedom to allocate time and resources to meet life’s high demands. High control in addition to high demands gives people the ability to successfully cope with challenging situations, which leads to satisfaction and growth. The next dimension is relationships or personal connections with other people. People are naturally motivated to establish and maintain relationships. This is true at work and with family members. Relationships play such a dominant role in stress research because they provide social support that facilitates coping with stress and achieving well-being. When a person has a desire for strong connections with others it suggests they have achieved ambitious goals regarding social integration. The third dimension of well being is security, which is defined as â€Å"the belief that membership in a role is stable and likely to continue† (Edwards Rothbard, 1999). An example would be the feeling of job security or security within a marriage. Security is yet another basic human motive. Finally, the degree of separation or insulation there is between work and family is segmentation. Keeping your family stresses and work stresses separate requires an active effort on the part of the person. Managing boundaries between the two allows the person to inhibit the transfer of stressful experiences between the two. The study of mental and physical well being done by health psychologists and psychoneuroimmunolgists is still relatively new and is opening the door to many new career fields. The opportunities for careers in health psychology in this country are plentiful. Medical settings, especially medical centers, have expanded their employment opportunities for psychologists. In addition to medical centers, health psychologists often work in colleges and universities, medical schools, health maintenance organizations, rehabilitation centers, pain management centers, public health agencies, hospitals, and private consultation/practice offices [ (American Psychological Association: Health Psychology, 2011) ]. In addition to the specific skills that psychologists offer to patients and staff in the medical community, psychologists offer a unique perspective that assists other healthcare professionals make certain that health care is helpful and cost-effective. Health psychologists have focused on how life’s ups and downs can affect our mental and physical health. They have stirred professional and public interest in how biology, the environment, and our behaviors influence health and illness. Their studies have provided us with methods of coping and anaging stress so it is possible to maintain a healthy lifestyle. The more we learn about the relationship between biology, our environment, and behavior the better equipped we will be at preventing, diagnosing, and managing chronic illness. References American Psychological Association: Health Psychology. (2011). Retrieved January 27, 2011, from APA Division 38: http://www. health-psych. org/abouthowtobecome. cfm Edwards, J. R. , Rothba rd, N. P. (1999). Work and Family Stress and Well-Being: An Examination of Person-Environment Fit in the Work and Family Domains. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 77 (No. 2), 85 – 129. Feldman, R. S. (2009). Understanding Psychology (9th ed. ). New York: McGraw-Hill. R. L. Richmond, P. (1997). The Psychcology of â€Å"Stress Management†. Retrieved January 2011, from A guide to psychology and its practice: http://www. guidetopsychology. com/stress. htm Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is Everything, or Is It? Explorations on the Meaning of Psychological Well-Being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 57 (No. 6), 1069 – 1081. Wells, T. (2011, February 5). (S. Finley, Interviewer) How to cite Health Psychology: Stress and Well Being, Papers

Supernatural Forces In Macbeth Essays - Characters In Macbeth

Supernatural Forces In Macbeth Supernatural Forces in Macbeth Supernatural forces in Shakespeares' ?Macbeth? aid the play in creating a suspenseful atmosphere. The use of the supernatural in the witches, the visions, the ghost and the apparitions are the backbone of the climax and provide ?excuses? for Macbeth's change of character. Because conscience plays such a central role in Macbeth's tragic struggle, many critics have used spiritual and supernatural theories both historical and modern to illuminate the drama's character development and world view. The play opens with the use of the supernatural when three witches encounter Macbeth on his way home from a battle and proceed to predict his fate. This gives the audience a glimpse of path the play will follow. ?When the battles (battle is) lost and won (I. I. 1-4) is when the witches plan to meet again. This is a recurring theme throughout the play. It can be noted that the witches meet after every battle is lost and won, and every battle, whether man against man, man against nature or man against himself is always lost by one side and won by another. Eventually Macbeth will lose the battle for his soul. After the prophecies of the witches' revealed the fate of Macbeth was to be king, he begins to develop an immoral plan to carry out the prophecy. The only way for Macbeth to have the throne is to wait or to kill King Duncan. Macbeth already knew he was going to be king because the witches forecasted it in his future, so how he went about getting there was not a concern of Macbeth's . The three sister's were capable of motivating Macbeth to kill Duncan by planting the idea in his head that he could be king. The ?ghostly? dagger, which led Macbeth to Duncan's chamber, also represents the supernatural forces that cause the fall of Macbeth. and in the grim irony of his pledge of loyalty just 30 lines after his ?horrible imagings? (1.3.138) of murder. His benumbed isolation before, during and right after Duncan's murder is one of the most vivid memories, and we can see him in the same abstraction again among the mourners after Duncan is found.? (Manyard 62) Macbeth's memories of the murder of king Duncan were too cloudy for him to remember because the disallusionment and distraction of the knife influenced him to go through with killing Duncan. Macbeth was led towards Duncan's room by the bloody knife and even had second thoughts of the murder of the king, until Lady Macbeth stepped in. ?These deeds must not be thought. After these ways, so make us mad.? (II.II.32-33) This convinces Macbeth to go back and finish his deed. I feel the floating dagger along with emotions and adrenaline coaxed Macbeth to the murder. Had it not been for the dagger he probably wouldn't have ever traveled up the stairs to Duncan's chamber.

Business Analysis Part I Ford Motor Company Essays

Business Analysis Part I Ford Motor Company Essays Business Analysis Part I Ford Motor Company Essay Business Analysis Part I Ford Motor Company Essay Business Analysis Part II Ford Motor Company Rocio Rodriguez MGT/521 Management May 25, 2011 Nickolas Skelton Business Analysis Part I Ford Motor Company Henry Ford and a group of investors founded what is known as the Ford Motor Company in 1903 based out in Dearborn, Michigan. The entrepreneur began manufacturing all of the automotive parts used in production and started the innovation of a moving assembly line to mass produce vehicles that are affordable to the public. Although the company changed names and investors a few times, it remained strong enough to survive through the great depression and become one of the largest auto manufacturers in the world today. The following analysis covers the company’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to obtain a better understanding of the successes and downfalls of Ford Motor Company. Strengths Despite of the recent downturn in the economy, Ford remains a competitive force in automobile manufacturing market. Certain factors exist that strengthen the company’s brand and product. For example, Ford Motor Company is the top 4th largest car manufacturing entity in the world (Ford, 2011). The company has 90 manufacturing plants worldwide, 7,000 supplier facilities that distribute vehicles in six continents, and all 50 U. S. states (Ford, 2011). Ford has a strong presence in the market and is easily recognized worldwide with the slogan â€Å"Built Ford Tough† as the company motto (Ford, 2011). The company keeps a competitive advantage by following innovative trends that attract the attention of more consumers. One of these trends focuses on fuel efficiency, brought on by the current deteriorating economic state. Ford’s fuel-efficient lineup increased sales by 19% since the launch in 2009 (Ford, 2011). Even the less economic models are still in demand because of their design, durability, and versatility. The Ford-F150, Ford’s most popular vehicle, is the current top seller on the market for this year (Ford, 2011). Ford is comfortably sitting at #10 on the Fortune 500 list and has made an astonishing $6. 6 billion in net income for the first quarter of 2011, which is the most the company has made in the ast 10 years (Ford Motor Company, 2011). Ford established Ford Motor Credit Company to offer the public a more accessible way to finance vehicles and survived through the failing economy. The company made it without any government bailout funds because the owner made a wise move and obtained $24 billion in financing a short time before the economy took a turn for the worse (Ford Motor Company, 2001). That money helped the company stay afloat until they could make profit again. Another strength the company has is its reputation and their corporate social responsibility with the public and the environment. Ford Motor Company provides support to many causes such as disaster relief efforts in the United States, invests in education for children, promotes safe driving programs for teens, and helps American farmers strive (Ford Motor Company, 2011). Ford is also a proud supporter of NASCAR and started the Performance Racing Parts segment of the business. The company is following the trend of environmentally friendly products by researching solar powered and electric vehicles that reduce emissions and harm the environment. The company plans to invest $14 billion in Research and Development in 2011 to improve fuel efficiency in Ford models by over 25% (Mulally, 2010). Because of the constant contribution and involvement in the community, the public is aware that Ford is not in it just for the money; ultimately Ford contributes and makes a difference in society and embraces the earth’s environmental health. Weaknesses Despite all the strengths mentioned above, there are weaknesses that can hinder Ford’s success. The most obvious weakness is the troubling economy. The economic downfall affected everyone including all car manufacturers. Consumers lost jobs, homes, and stability during these tough times, and purchasing vehicles was no longer a priority for most Americans. The demand for vehicles, especially trucks, dropped dramatically because of the lack of income for consumers, the rise in gas prices, and fewer lending opportunities. Additionally, just as the economy began to fall, so did the stock prices. Ford stock prices hit the ultimate low in 2009 selling at $1. 74 compared to the $14. 91 in the first quarter of 2011 (History of the Stock Market Crash, 2011). The most dangerous disadvantage for Ford’s weak market share North American automotive operations. Ford’s market share dropped 6. 3% from 2003 to 2008 and is currently making a slow and steady increase (Ford, 2008). Competitors like Toyota and Honda led the market with quality, fuel efficient models, at a bargain price. The weakness that tarnished Ford’s reputation and financial health has to be the recalls of some models because safety concerns. Ford recalled a total of 16 million vehicles in 2009 because of a faulty cruise control switch that causes a fire in the vehicle (Ford, 2008). Similarly, in 2008 Ford recalled Escape models due to transmission failure issues. Additionally, who can forget the notorious Firestone tire recall in 2001 that claimed the lives of many drivers worldwide (Ford, 2008). The tread on the defective tires on most Explorer models peeled off and when they failed it caused the vehicle to roll over and cause fatal accidents (Legal Information Center, 2001). This recall cost Ford $2 billion, the competitive advantage in the United States light-truck and sport/utility vehicle market, and the trust of the consumer (Isidore, 2001). Opportunities Nonetheless, Ford has moved forward and learned from their experiences and is focused on expanding the opportunities for the business. Because the environmental factor is a leading trend in the market, Ford has taken the opportunity to expand their product line to align with the consumer demand. The company developed the EcoBoost V6 engines that provide 20% better fuel economy and reduce carbon monoxide emissions by 15% (MediaFord. com, 2011). Hybrid models are currently in production and the company plans to double their output in 2009 to meet consumer demand. Ford is investing and researching new technology to produce electric and solar powered vehicles in the near future as well as intelligent vehicles, or talking vehicles designed to help make the roads a safer place. The company’s efforts have not been in vain. The company was awarded the 2011 Best New Technology Award for their innovative rear inflatable seat belt design (Ford Motor Company, 2011). Similarly, the giant car manufacturer also became the first to earn top safety ratings worldwide for their Fiesta and Ford F-150 models (Ford Motor Company, 2011). The last opportunity that can help Ford gain global market share is the partnership with China to produce the Ford Fiesta model. Ford unveiled the Fiesta in China in 2009 and by 2010 the company sold more than 75,000 vehicles, 59% more than the previous year (MediaFord. com, 2011). The Fiesta received a warm welcome from the Chinese consumers with its stylish exterior, fuel efficiency, and even received a five-star safety rating from the China Automotive Technology and Research Center (CATARC) (MediaFord. com, 2011). With the success of the launch in China, Ford can expand worldwide and explore other opportunities in foreign countries to penetrate and grow the Ford name. Threats The last factor to consider in the analysis is the threats that hinder Fords success in the market. These factors can prevent the company from growing as planned and potentially harm the giant automaker’s financial stability. Many of the same factors listed as weaknesses can be potential threats. For example, the recession and the rise in fuel prices. As prices rise, consumers look for ways to reduce their expenses by either consuming less gas or replacing their gas guzzlers with compact fuel efficient models. If Ford fails to produce a compact, fuel efficient model that meets the consumer’s demands, the public will still purchase a vehicle but definitely not a Ford model. The rise in raw materials can also pose a threat to Ford because the company needs to provide an affordable product that meets the demand for safety, durability, and quality, all while keeping production costs at reasonable rates to make a profit. Producing vehicles with subpar materials to keep within budget can risk the safety of the end user and risk the reputation of the Ford brand. Fixing any potential issues with future recalls is usually more expensive than producing the product meeting all federal guidelines. The last major threat to the Ford Motor Company is the lack of investment in Research and Development and Quality Control. Compared to the competition, Ford falls short in capital spending, which can hinder the possibility of growth. For example, Ford’s biggest competitor, Toyota reduced their capital spending from $1. trillion to $670 billion during 2010 because of the financial crisis (Dow Jones, 2010). In comparison, Ford usually spends five to six billion dollars in capital spending each year totaling $4. 5 billion during 2010 (Ford Motor Company, 2011). With that much difference in capital spending, the competition has the means and the edge to develop the next best thing out on the market, leaving For d behind. To summarize the analysis, the Ford Motor Company has the potential to remain one of the top car manufacturers in the world if the company takes advantage of all strengths and opportunities to grow and xpand the business worldwide. The key to staying competitive is following consumer trends and above all take pride and care to produce the best product for the end-user. Keeping a close eye and managing the weaknesses and threats to the business will serve as a learning experience and help the company adapt, improve business practices, and processes. The company has been successful thus far, even through a recession, and once the economy recovers Ford has the potential to become more thriving than ever with the latest advances in technology the company plans to develop. Business Analysis Part II Ford Motor Company Financial Health Comparison The financial statements in Appendix A-C reflect the income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow for Ford Motor Company for recent and previous years. Comparing the numbers side by side helps understand the trends in the economy and the company and gives a better understanding of the company’s financial health. After reviewing each statement one can see that the company has been a successful one, and recently suffered during the time of recession. Profits went down as well as stock value as seen in Appendix D. Capital Expenditures were reduced and the company even faced negative figures in most statements during the recession in 2008. The company had a healthy cash flow and earnings in the years before 2008, and is presently recovering at a steady pace. The one major concern noted after reviewing the statements is the slow recovery of the company. With the recession out of the way, the company has enough new products and incentives to help boost sales and make profits similar to those seen in 2005-2007 at a faster pace. The slow recovery can help the company prepare for future periods of recession by having a plan implemented to develop the most innovative, quality, and affordable product for the consumer and increase demand worldwide, thus making profits at a faster pace. Summarize companys financial health – compare it to other companies in the industry Summarize the companys technological advantages – compare to others How globalization affected the businesses practices Benchmark analysis – best practices, operational processes and procedures, products or services References AOL Daily Finance. 2011, May 20). Ford motor company balance sheet. Retrieved from dailyfinance. com/financials/ford-motor-company/f/nys/balance-sheet Bloomberg Businessweek, (2011, May 24). Financial statements for ford motor company. Retrieved from http://investing. businessweek. com/research/stocks/financials/financials. asp? ticker=F:US Dow Jones, (2010, December 24). Toyota vice president: to ho ld down capital spending. Retrieved from dowjones. de/site/2010/12/toyota-vice-president-to-hold-down-capital-spending. html Ford. (2008). Market share and sales. Retrieved from http://corporate. ford. om/microsites/sustainability-report-2008-09/economy-data-market#a Ford Motor Company, (2011, May 12). Safety. Retrieved from http://corporate. ford. com/innovation/car-safety Ford Motor Company, (2011). Ford posts net income of $2. 6 billion in second quarter 2010. Retrieved from corporate. ford. com/news-center/news/press-releases/press-releases-detail/pr-ford-posts-net-income-of-26-32973 History of the Stock Market Crash, (2011, April 23). Ford stock up 757% since the 2008-2009 crash. Retrieved from worststockmarketcrashes. com/featured/ford-stock-up-757-percent-since-the-2008-2009-crash/ Isidore, C. 2001, May 21). Ford recalls 13 million tires. Retrieved from http://money. cnn. com/2001/05/22/recalls/ford/ Legal Information Center, (2001). Firestone tire recall. Retrieved from firestone-tire-recall. com/pages/overview. html Media Ford. com, (2011). Ford fiesta receives maximum 5-star safety rating in china ncap. Retrieved from http://media. ford. com/article_display. cfm? article_id=33815 Microsoft Money, Initials. (2011, April 24). Financial results ford motor company. Retrieved from http://moneycentral. msn. com/investor/invsub/results/statemnt. aspx? Symbol=FstmtView=Ann Mulally, A. (2010, October 26). Ford car share in North America on the rise. Retrieved from http://seekingalpha. com/article/232164-ford-car-share-in-north-america-on-the-rise Yahoo Finance, (2011, May 22). Ford motor company cash flow. Retrieved from http://finance. yahoo. com/q/cf? s=F+Cash+Flowannual Appendix A[pic][pic][pic] |Income Statement Comparison | |Dec 31 |Dec 31 |Dec 31 |Dec 31 | |Currency in | |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 | |Millions of U. S. Dollars |As of: |Restated |Restated |Restated |USD | | | |USD |USD |USD | | |Revenues |154,379. 0 |127,635. 0 |103,868. 0 |119,280. 0 | |Cost of Goods Sold |142,667. 0 |120,558. 0 |98,746. |104,372. 0 | |Selling General Admin Expenses, Total |21,132. 0 |21,049. 0 |12,965. 0 |11,876. 0 | |OPERATING INCOME |-701. 0 |-6,492. 0 |-1,219. 0 |8,892. 0 | |Interest and Investment Income |1,713. 0 |928. 0 |205. 0 |262. 0 | |Income (Loss) on Equity Investments |403. |381. 0 |195. 0 |538. 0 | |EBT, EXCLUDING UNUSUAL ITEMS |-1,018. 0 |-7,151. 0 |-2,249. 0 |7,975. 0 | |Gain (Loss) on Sale of Investments |-109. 0 |-1,309. 0 |373. 0 |125. 0 | |Other Unusual Items, Total |-432. 0 |-5,569. 0 |4,666. 0 |-844. | |EBT, INCLUDING UNUSUAL ITEMS |-3,857. 0 |-14,895. 0 |2,599. 0 |7,149. 0 | |Minority Interest in Earnings |-312. 0 |58. 0 | |4. 0 | |EARNINGS FROM DISCOUNTINUED OPERATIONS |41. 0 |9. 0 |5. 0 | | |NET INCOME TO COMMON INCLUDING EXTRA ITEMS |-2,795. 0 |-14,766. 0 |2,717. 0 |6,561. | [pic][ pic][pic](Bloomberg Businessweek, 2011) Appendix B Balance Statement Comparison |Period Ending |FY2010 |FY2009 |FY2008 |FY2007 |FY2006 | |Assets | | | | | | |Net Receivables |48. 22 B |8. 15 B |64. 43 B |68. 75 B |4. 15 B | |Progress Payments Others |-865. 00 M |-798. 0 M |-891. 00 M |-1. 10 B |-1. 02 B | |Current Assets Total |90. 87 B |57. 29 B |117. 33 B |135. 72 B |78. 98 B | |Investment in Unconsolidated Subsidiaries |2. 57 B |2. 37 B |1. 59 B |2. 85 B |2. 79 B | |Property, Plant Equipment Net |23. 03 B |22. 46 B |28. 35 B |35. 98 B |35. 79 B | |Accumulated Depreciation |33. 90 B |33. 41 B |38. 4 B |36. 56 B |34. 98 B | |Tangible Other Assets |4. 16 B |12. 30 B |6. 52 B |18. 34 B |16. 00 B | |Total Assets |163. 32 B |189. 35 B |215. 77 B |276. 46 B |276. 01 B | |Income Taxes Payable |392. 00 M |3. 09 B |2. 79 B |2. 67 B |3. 14 B | |Current Liabilities Total |74. 13 B |77. 85 B |111. 96 B |110. 5 B |112. 65 B | |Provision for Risks Charges |18. 24 B |17. 76 B |17. 32 B |31. 37 B |35. 91 B | |Deferred Income |1. 62 B |1. 66 B |1. 77 B |1. 99 B |2. 04 B | |Total Liabilities |163. 97 B |197. 13 B |231. 89 B |269. 41 B |278. 31 B | |Common Equity |-673. 00 M |-7. 82 B |-17. 31 B |5. 63 B |-3. 6 B | |Capital Surplus |20. 80 B |16. 79 B |9. 08 B |7. 83 B |4. 56 B | |Equity in Untaxed Reserves |-7. 04 B |-13. 60 B |-16. 14 B |-1. 48 B |-17. 00 M | |Treasury Stock |62. 00 M |407. 00 M |521. 00 M |103. 00 M |- | |Common Shares Outstanding |163. 32 B |189. 35 B |215. 77 B |276. 46 B |276. 01 B | (AOL Daily Finance, 2011) Appendix C Cash Flow Comparison | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Period Ending | | | |Dec 31, 2010 | | | |Dec 31, 2009 | | | |Dec 31, 2008 | | | | | | | |Net Income | | | |6,561,000 | | | |2,717,000 | | | |(14,672,000) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Operating Activities, Cash Flows Provided By or Used In | | | | | | | |Depreciation | | | |- | | | |- | | | |19,737,000 | | | | | | | |Adjustments To Net Income | | | |- | | | |- | | | |1,027,000 | | | | | | | |Changes In Accounts Receivables | | | |- | | | |- | | | |1,091,000 | | | | | | | |Changes In Liabilities | | | |- | | | |- | | | |(12,647,000) | | | | | | | |Changes In Inventories | | | |- | | | |- | | | |(358,000) | | | | | | | |Changes In Other Operating Activities | | | |- | | |- | | | |2,489,000 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Total Cash Flow From Operating Activities | | | |11,477,000 | | | |15,477,000 | | | |(179,000) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Investing Activities, Cash Flows Provided By or Used In | | | | | | | |Capital Expenditures | | | |(4,092,000) | | | |(4,059,000) | | | |(6,696,000) | | | | | | | |Investments | | | |9,774,000 | | | |10,682,000 | | | |(2,676,000) | | | | | | | |Other Cash flows from Investing Activities | | | |1,226,000 | | | |(4,000) | | | |6,229,000 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Total Cash Flows From Investing Activities | | | |6,908,000 | | | |6,619,000 | | | |(3,143,000) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Financing Activities, Cash Flows Provided By or Used In | | | | | | | |Dividends Paid | | | |- | | | |- | | | |- | | | | | | | |Sale Purchase of Stock | | | |1,339,000 | | | |2,450,000 | | | |756,000 | | | | | | | |Net Borrowings | | | |(18,558,000) | | | |(21,710,000) | | | |(9,256,000) | | | | | | | |Other Cash Flows from Financing Activities | | | |(7,202,000) | | | |(3,570,000) | | | |(604,000) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Total Cash Flows From Financing Activities | | | |(24,421,000) | | | |(22,830,000) | | | |(9,104,000) | | | | | | | |Effect Of Exchange Rate Changes | | | |(53,000) | | | |454,000 | | | |(808,000) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Change In Cash and Cash Equivalents | | | |(6,089,000) | | | |(910,000) | | | |(13,234,000) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Currency in USD. | | | Appendix D Ford Motor Company Stock Value Comparison

Timeline of the Russian Revolution of 1905

Timeline of the Russian Revolution of 1905 While Russia had a revolution in 1917 (in fact two), it nearly had one in 1905. There were the same marches and vast strikes, but in 1905 the revolution was crushed in a manner that affected how things unraveled in 1917 (including a great deal of fear things would repeat and a new revolution would fail). What was the difference? World War One had not acted as a magnifying glass for problems, and the military mostly stayed loyal. January January 3-8: 120,000 workers strike in St. Petersburg; government warns against any organized marches. January 9: Bloody Sunday. 150,000 striking workers and their families march through St. Petersburg to deliver a protest to the Tsar  but are shot and ridden down on multiple occasions by the army. Reaction to the massacre spreads across neighboring regions, especially the industrial centers which experience spontaneous workers strikes. February February: The strike movement spreads down to the Caucasus. February 4: Grand-Duke Sergei Alexandrovich is killed by an SR assassin as protests grow. February 6: Notably large rural disorder, especially in Kursk. February 18: Reacting to the growing troubles, Nicholas II orders the creation of a consultative assembly to report on constitutional reform; the move is less than the revolutionaries want, but it gives them impetus. March The strike movement and unrest reaches Siberia and the Urals. April April 2: The second National Congress of Zemstvos again demands a constitutional assembly; the Union of Unions formed. May Embarrassment for the government as the Baltic Fleet is easily sunk, having spent 7 months sailing round to Japan. June June: Soldiers used against strikers in Lodz. June 18: Odessa is halted by a large strike. June 14-24: Sailors mutiny on the Battleship Potemkin. August August: Moscow holds the first Conference of the Peasants union; Nizhnii holds the First Congress of the Muslim Union, one of many groups pushing for regional - often national - autonomy. August 6: Tsar issues a manifesto on the creation of a state Duma; this plan, created by Bulygin and nicknamed the Bulygin Duma, is rejected by revolutionaries for being too weak and having a tiny electorate. August 23: Treaty of Portsmouth ends the Russo-Japanese war; Russia has been beaten by an opponent they were expected to easily defeat. September September 23: Printers strike in Moscow, the start of Russias first General Strike. October October 1905 - July 1906: The Peasant Union of the Volokolamsk District creates the independent Markovo Republic; it survives, 80 miles from Moscow, until the government crushes it in July 1906. October 6: Rail workers join the strike. October 9: As telegraph workers join the strike, Witte warns the Tsar that to save Russia he must make great reforms or impose a dictatorship. October 12: Strike action has developed into a General Strike. October 13: A council is formed to represent striking workers: the St. Petersburg Soviet of Workers Deputies; it functions as an alternative government. The Mensheviks dominate it as the Bolsheviks boycott and similar soviets are soon created in other cities. October 17: Nicholas II issues the October Manifesto, a liberal scheme proposed by Witte. It grants civil liberties, the need for Duma consent before passing laws and a widening of the Duma electorate to include all Russians; mass celebrations follow; political parties form and rebels return, but acceptance of the Manifesto pushes the liberals and socialists apart. The St. Petersburg soviet prints its first issue of the newssheet Izvestia; left and right groups clash in streetfights. October: Lvov joins the Constitutional Democrat (Kadet) party, which includes the more radical zemstvo menmen, nobles, and scholars; conservative liberals form the Octobrist Party. These are the people who have led the revolution so far. October 18: N. E. Bauman, a Bolshevik activist, is killed during a streetfight triggering a street war between the Tsar supporting right and the revolutionary left. October 19: The Council of Ministers is created, a government cabinet under Witte; leading Kadets are offered posts, but refuse. October 20: Baumans funeral is the focus of major demonstrations and violence. October 21: The General Strike is ended by the St. Petersburg Soviet. October 26-27: The Kronstadt mutiny. October 30-31: The Vladivostok Mutiny. November November 6-12: The Peasants Union holds a conference in Moscow, demanding a constituent assembly, land redistribution and political union between peasants and urban workers. November 8: The Union of Russian People is created by Dubrovin. This early fascist group aims to fight against the left and is funded by government officials. November 14: The Moscow branch of the Peasants Union is arrested by the government. November 16: Telephone/graph workers strike. November 24: Tsar introduces Provisional Rules, which at once abolish some aspects of censorship, but introduce harsher penalties for those praising criminal acts. November 26: Head of the St. Petersburg Soviet, Khrustalev-Nosar, arrested. November 27: The St. Petersburg Soviet appeals to the armed forces and elects a triumvirate to replace Nosar; it includes Trotsky. December December 3: The St. Petersburg Soviet is arrested en masse after Socialist Democrats (SD) hand out weapons. December 10-15: The Moscow Uprising, where rebels and militias try to take the city through armed struggle; it fails. No other major rebellions take place, but the Tsar and the right react: the police regime returns and the army sweeps across Russia crushing dissent. December 11: Russias urban population and workers are enfranchised by electoral changes. December: Nicholas II and his son given honorary membership of the Union of the Russian People; they accept.

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Leadership - Essay Example The study will discuss different aspects of an effective leader. The study will cover three areas, such as role of a leader, different leadership styles, and impact of leadership style on the organizational culture and employee motivation. The Role of a Leader Effective leadership style is important for an organization or a group of several individuals to perform effectively. Role and Responsibility of a Leader The major responsibility of a leader is to organize entire team and motivate them to attain the goals and objectives. Development of attainable goals and objectives are also key responsibilities of a leader. A good leader generally shares several information and effectual experience with the sub-ordinates to accomplish a common task. Sharing experience or knowledge actually influences entire team to give full effort. One of the major responsibilities of a great leader is to implement both top-down and bottom-up approach in order to enhance organizational communication process (Daft, 2008, p.44). Knowledge and Skills Required for a Good Leader An individual cannot be called as an effective leader without effective leadership knowledge and skills. A leader has total authority to manage entire team and develop potential strategies, decisions and goals so that a team can effectively achieve those. Knowledge and skills generally differ from each other. A leader has to have some key skills, such as effective communication skills, speaking power, listening skills, memory skills and skills to motivate entire team. An individual cannot become a leader and lead a team without having these fundamental skills. In terms of knowledge, a good leader has to obtain time management knowledge. It is true that the entire member within a team cannot have similar competencies and views. Therefore, there are some possibilities of conflict of ideas and conflict of skills between the team members (Walker, 2011, p.259). A leader generally has to deal with a diverse team in a spec ific workforce. Knowledge about workplace diversity, team direction, inspiring initiatives and self-motivation process of a leader can help an organization to become successful. Role of a Leader differs from Role of a Manager The major role of a leader is to develop effective attainable and perceived goals and objectives. On the other hand, role of a manager is to administrate entire team to ensure effective workplace performance and good business output. It is true that a leader always can become an effective manager due to effective leadership skills. Generally leadership skills direct the managerial skills. But, a manager cannot become an effective leader due to lack of leadership skills and visionary power. It is quite challenging for a leader to develop goals and direct an entire team towards success. But, it is quite easy for a manager to assist and administrate a team based on the showed path of a leader to accomplish developed tasks or goals or objectives. Development and Co mmunication of

(Operations Management) Key recent developments of operations design Assignment

(Operations Management) Key recent developments of operations design and practise in airline and automotive (car ) industry - Assignment Example self many various issues and activities through which an organization’s goods and services are changed and transformed from the inputs that were put to the outputs that are produced. It is about the various operations that are performed on the goods and services from the moment their production starts to the moment the customer receives it. Operations management consists of ten areas in which an operations manager has to make the right decisions so as to fit the company’s strategic vision with what the budget allows, and to achieve that competitive advantage too, all at the same time. A strategy is the course of action that a company aims to take with respect to achieving a particular goal. Strategic fit would be when the company has very well integrated the firm’s mission as well as the strategies along with the internal capabilities that it has and the external environment that it has to survive in. thus, missions (what needs to be achieved) as well as the strategies (how it needs to be achieved) must be in alignment with what the company is capable of doing itself and how much the outside environment and externalities will allow it to perform. (Slack, 2005) As far as operations management is concerned, the operations manager has to take decisions in ten critical areas. They are product design, quality management, process design, location selection, layout design, human resources, supply chain management, inventory, scheduling and maintenance. When it comes to operations management, the operations manager has a wide variety of choices as to how to go about it. Operations management is all about increasing the productivity of the company, thus efficiency has to be present, along with effectiveness in the first place. With the rise of competition, it can be said that new methods need to be found which will keep an air cargo company going and at least give him a place in the top cargo service providers of the country. For this, many owners of the cargo

Online Technologies: Opportunities for Charities

Online Technologies: Opportunities for Charities Information Technology and developments in non profit organisations:  How online technologies offer new opportunities for growth to the charity organisations Table of Contents (Jump to) Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Aims and Objectives 1.3 Overview Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Charities Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction As Sergeant and Jay (2004, p.2) have commented, the concept of charity and their mission of raising funds to help the poor and needy has been around for centuries. However, both the numbers and complexities of charity organisations have multiplied significantly over recent decades. Sargeant and Tofallis (2000) confirmed reports from the NCVO that in the UK as of 1998, the number of NGO’s exceeded half a million, of which 40% could be designated as Charity based organisations., This group was then reported to have a collective estimated turnover of approaching  £20 billion. Both of these statistics will have grown dramatically over the past decade. The main mission of charities is to deliver practical and constructive assistance to those in need; providing information on issues such as health problems and disability or promoting the message for fairer laws. These missions can be related to human activity, preservation of the natural world environment and its wildlife or seeking justice for those that are oppressed. However, currently charities have to face up to a number of obstacles in effectively performing the task for which they have been set up, most of which arise in two particular areas. Firstly, with the increasing growth of needy causes, there is a rise in the number of charitable organisations emerging to address these issues, increasing the competition for funds proportionately. Secondly, there is little doubt from the level of research that has been undertaken, that the charity giver is becoming increasingly discerning about the impact of their donations. This concerns centres around the desire to ensure that the gi ft has the maximum impact. Therefore, it is important to the donor that the minimum amount of that gift is used for the charity’s internal administrative purposes. Despite the fact that the â€Å"mission† of a charity has in the past often been deemed more important than â€Å"economic intentions† (Hussey and Perrin 2003, p.200), the current climate within this sector is requiring them to become more efficient if they wish to sustain the objectives of their cause. This means that thy have to look for ways in which they can improve the effectiveness and the efficiency of their operations. In this regard, although somewhat belatedly when compared with the move by commercial corporations, the charity sector is increasingly studying the benefits of using information technology processes as a means of achieving the efficiencies that are required. However, as Hackler and Saxton (2007), although some charities are incorporating information within their organisations, the extent, areas of the business covered and effectiveness of these developments has not yet been perfected in a significant number of cases. In fact, in some it is considered that with some charities it can be reducing efficiency. Indeed the research conducted by Sargeant and Tofallis (2000) concluded that â€Å"the performance of many charities would appear to fall well short of the efficient frontier with no immediately obvious explanation forthcoming for why this might be so.† Indeed, they could also find no pattern to the causes of these failures either. It is the issue of information technology in particular its effective and efficient use in charity organisations that inspired this research project. Of specific interest is the intention to assess the impact that this technology has upon the duel targets of increasing financial efficiency and improving the delivery of the main services and missions of the charity. 1.2 Aims and Objectives As stated previously, the aim of this research is to identify the ways in which information technologies can be used to improve the efficiencies of charity operations. In this regard it is intended to focus the research upon the usage of IT in the online environment. Thus the research question or hypothesis that has been set for this study is as follows: â€Å"Online information technology processes can offer charities opportunities for growth and expansion in terms of the revenue and message and mission generating areas of their operations.† To assist with the achievement of this goal the research will use the following framework of objectives: Growth and maximisation of revenue It is intended to determine the extent to which a charity can make use of the IT opportunities available using the Internet to grow its revenue base and the methods by which this can be achieved. Cost reduction and efficiency Using the same premise as that included within the previous objective it is also the intention of this paper to address the issue of the appropriate IT methods that can be employed for increasing the efficiency of the charity organisation in terms of cost control and reduction where appropriate. Mission and programmes Bearing in mind the unique purpose of the charity format, which is that it has a mission to serve a specific cause, the research will also be ensure that, in addition to the financial objectives outlined above, the information processes examined are compatible with the enhancing of the message that charities need to communicate. This will be applied to both the potential and recipient of their services. The research itself will use a mixture of data to address the research question. This will include reference to the extensive range of financial statements which are available from individual charity websites or the Charities Commission (2008) online resources, although only a sample of these reports will be utilised. To address the issues and concerns of the individual charities more directly, individual interviews will be conducted with a number of representatives from this sector. 1.3 Overview The management and presentation of the research paper has followed a logical format. Chapter two presents a review of existing literature that is available and that relates to the issues being addressed by the researcher. This includes publications and comments by academics, professional observers and other interested stakeholders. Following this critical review, in chapter three it is intended to concentrate upon the methodology that has been applied to this project. It will provide an overview of the available methods and the reasons for the method that has been adopted in this instance. Chapter four provides the in-depth results of the research findings, both that which has been gathered from primary and secondary resources and these will be analysed and discussed in more detail in chapter five. Finally, the research project will reach a conclusion in chapter six and, where considered feasible and appropriate, the researcher’s recommendations will be presented and explained . Included at the end of this study, although separated from the main body of the study, will be additional information. This will include a biography of the various resources that have been referred to or used to assist with the development of the project. In addition, in attached appendices, information that is considered of further value in understanding the issues raised and the examinations undertaken, including the transcripts of interviews, have also been included. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1  Introduction To assess the issues of the charity use of online information technology, it is important to perform a critical review the existing literature that is available relating to various elements. In this case that will include providing a brief understanding of the charity environment. In addition, it will include a review of the information technology processes and their advantages as well as the areas where charities have been found to have deficiencies either in the usage of these technologies or the extent to which they have availed themselves of the technology itself. The chapter has been sectioned in a manner that appropriately addresses these areas. 2.2  Charities As many academics have observed, in comparison with commercial organisations, the charity is a complex organisation, not least because of its structure and mode of operations (Wenham et al 2004, Hussey and Perrin 2003 and James 1983). There are even different to the other types of non-profit organisations referred to by Hackler and Saxton (2007), such as those that are often form for regulating the decisions and objectives of various parts of nation and international political policies. An example of these would be the various organisations that have been set up in the UK to deal with the reduction of carbon emissions such as The Carbon Trust. The differences attributable to the charity organisation can be observed in many areas of the operation. For a start one of the main intentions that is needed for the organisation to qualify as a charity is for it to have a non-profit making objective (Hurray and Perrin 2003). Secondly, its mission that in the corporate sense would be classed as strategic objective is directed to the service of the external stakeholder or user (Hussey and Perrin 2003). In other words, where the purpose of the commercial organisation is to achieve financial success that will enable it to return additional value to the shareholders and potential investor, the charity’s financial aim is to utilise its funds specifically for the benefit of those whose demands and needs it is intending to address. Often, because of the break-even requirement, the charity will take on projects that are of no immediate benefit, but will have the effect of helping them to subsidise other, more highly valued activities (James 1983, p.351). Another difference in organisational processes is that the charity revenues generating activities relies heavily upon the volunteer donor (Wenham et al 2004), therefore making it difficult to predict. In addition, this places constraints upon administrative expenditure in areas such as computers and other modern equipment (Sargeanr and Jay 2004). Furthermore, because of the purpose of the charity and the need to concentrate its expenditure upon projects that are determined within its mission statement, together with the fact that funds may be limited, many charities are heavily reliant upon the efforts of voluntary employees. Many of these employees might have limited knowledge of the operational processes that are required for an efficient organisation, which can be a disadvantage (Galaskiewicz et al 2006, p.338). This is especially true if there is a sizable organisation to manage. Irrespective of these differences, to remain true to its mission statement and stated aims, every charity still has to create a strategy that allows it to address three specific operational procedures. These are the maximisation of incoming funds, minimising administrative costs to ensure the recipients of its objectives, in terms of projects and services, receive the maximum benefit and effective marketing, which is designed to attract donors and service users (Wenham et al 2004). Therefore, it is important for the charity to be organised in terms of its mission, which means having the right strategies in place (Hussey and Perrin 2003, p.215 and 218) and assessing their appropriateness. As Hackler and Saxton (2007) acknowledge, it is in these areas that the use of information technology can be considered. All charities have to be registered with the Charities Commission (2008) irrespective of their size. An integral part if this registration is the need to provide regular financial statements which Holistic Nurse Prescribing: A Case Study Holistic Nurse Prescribing: A Case Study Introduction 1 the patient and their presenting symptoms. Mr Pickles presents an interesting, complex and therapeutically challenging problem. In essence he is a gentleman with multisystem pathology who presents with an almost incidental finding which he was clearly reluctant to discuss. It is a common finding amongst experienced healthcare professionals that in any consultation it is the last 30 seconds which is the most important. As the patient stands up to go, there is the just while Im here moment when they can bring up an issue that really troubles them and may not be the real presented reason for the consultation. In this essay we shall discuss the various aspects of this situation and the measures we can take to try to help him. (Parker and Lawton 2003) 2.a holistic assessment of the pt, including any relevant medical social and psychological issues. If we start with the initial presenting symptom under discussion the impotence it is easier to work backwards from that to discuss the possible pathophysiology that can be relevant. Impotence is said to occur whenever the male fails to get an erection when it is required. This, in itself is neither unusual nor necessarily pathological. It becomes a significant symptom when the male repeatedly fails to get an erection that is sufficient for intercourse. It is quite possible to get full spontaneous erections and yet still be impotent. This is one of the major diagnostic features that distinguishes the psychogenic impotence from the purely physical. (Ackerman MD, Carey MP. 1995) There are a number of obvious physical causes of erectile dysfunction that are relevant to Mr Pickles (see on), but equally there are a number of possible psychogenic causes that may be either primary factors or possibly secondary contributory factors in the aetiology of his problems. The fact that he has recently undergone major cardiac surgery is a very relevant factor. Patients will frequently suffer from a major change in body perception when they have come to a close realisation of their own mortality. If we add to this the fact that, as the major breadwinner in the family, it is likely that Mr Pickles would have felt a major blow to his self-esteem when he was made redundant from a responsible high esteem job and forced to become a taxi driver with long working hours. This is quite apart from the anxiety and fatigue that such a job would engender.(Beck J. 1995) It is possible that the medication that Mr Pickles is taking may have a bearing on his erectile dysfunction as the male erection is dependent on the hydrostatic pressure of the blood for its maintenance. Any medication that reduces the average blood pressure, will effectively reduce the capacity to acquire and maintain an erection. In addition to this the adrenergic beta-blocker group will also selectively block the sympathetic pathways that are vital to the neurovascular control of the mechanisms of erection. Pathophysiology of diabetes and impotence Both of these topics are huge subjects, so in this essay we will restrict out considerations to those aspects which are relevant to Mr Pickles and his problems. We know that Diabetes Mellitus affects about 2% of the UK population with a specifically higher incidence in both the Asian and Afro-Caribbean communities(Nathan 1998). There is also a marked genetic component in the development of Diabetes Mellitus. Mr Pickles has Type II diabetes mellitus which is associated with a number of factors including a high BMI and increasing age. At 56 yrs. old he is currently at the peak incidence age for Type II diabetes mellitus (Gregg et al. 2003). Diabetes Mellitus is known to be associated with a number of complications. The prevalence and incidence of the complications, in general, tends to increase with the length of time that the patient has been diabetic. There is also an independent variable for complications that is directly proportional to the degree of control (as measured by the HbA1 levels). In general terms, the better the control the lower the incidence of complications (Kissebah et al. 1999) As far as Mr Pickles is concerned, there are two major complications of Type II diabetes mellitus that are directly linked with impotence and they are cardio-(macro)vascular disease and neuropathy. (Wagner et al. 1998) We can deduce that Mr Pickles has macrovascular disease by virtue of the fact that he his recovering from a CABG. And this may well be a very relevant factor in his erectile dysfunction but also there is the question of neuropathy which typically occurs in about 2.4% of the general population, but this figure rises to above 8% in the diabetic patient over the age of 60 yrs. ( Hughes 2002) Impotence tends to occur, in varying degrees, in about 10-15% of men under 40 yrs. Its incidence increases with age to the extent that 40% of men at the age of 40 yrs report a degree of impotence and this prevalence rises to 70% at the age of 70 yrs. (Gregoire 1999). If we add to this basic clinical picture the fact that there are other factors such as hypertension, smoking, cardiac neurosis, loss of self-confidence, depression and iatrogenic causes (medication etc.) all of which may well be relevant to Mr Pickles, then it can be seen that there are a plethora of potential causes of his erectile dysfunction. (Barnes, DE. 2004) Both of the first two causes (hypertension and smoking) are independent risk factors for impotence, quite apart for the fact that they are also risk factors for the development of the macrovascular complications of Diabetes Mellitus (Bowering 2001) Mr Pickles diabetic state has been recently well controlled (HbA1 of 6.5%). This is important as the incidence of development of diabetic complications is reduced by between 34-76% (depending on the particular study) for every 10% reduction in the average HbA1 reading. (Bowering 2001). In addition to all of these considerations, atherosclerosis is also a major complication of Type II diabetes mellitus, which, presumably is relevant to Mr Pickles because of his CABG, and this may be a major factor in the development of his erectile dysfunction. Management plan 3.a plan/strategy based on critical understanding of physiological and pharmaceutical issues. Any management plan must firstly be based on an accurate diagnosis. At this point in time we do not have this luxury. As we have discussed, there are anyone of a huge number of possibilities in the aetiology of Mr Pickles erectile dysfunction problem. When confronted with a problem such as this, any experienced healthcare professional may reasonably chose to manage the problem by making a rational judgement of the probabilities of any one particular cause being relevant. Implicit in such a management strategy is the fact that there are some causes that my be correctable (iatrogenic, psychological, and life style related) and there are some that may not (macrovascular damage, neuropathy and atherosclerosis). It is reasonable, in such circumstances, to discuss the situation openly with Mr Pickles and discuss with him the various treatment options. Patient empowerment and education is a vital strategy to adopt in circumstances such as this as Mr Pickles is far more likely to comply and respond if he understands the rationale behind the treatment plan.(Howe and Anderson 2003) We would suggest that an appropriate strategy would be to initially tackle the situation on two fronts. The psychological aspects of the erectile dysfunction are probably best discussed with an experienced psychologist or councillor who has expertise in this particular area. This is important because there is a considerable skill in eliciting the relevant factors from the patient. Many patients are reticent about talking openly about their imitate sexual details and there has to be a careful build up of trust and empathy on both sides. Factors such as good eye contact and a non-judgemental body stance are essential on the part of the healthcare professional if the optimal result is to be obtained Not only can the issues that are relevant be explored, but also any one of a number of psychological treatment techniques can be employed. This is a matter of considerable clinical judgement and skill and therefore probably best done by an experienced healthcare professional in that area. The pharmaceutical area can also be addressed as Atenolol is clearly not the best anti hypertensive to use as, not only will it reduce the blood pressure (which it clearly is important to do) but it also produces a counter productive beta-blockade which will not help the erectile dysfunction problem. The difficulty is that, after the CABG, Atenolol does have a degree of action on the suppression of ectopic electrophysiological foci in the myocardium which is a recognised complication of the procedure. It also is thought to have a cardioprotective effect post-myocardial infarction. It is probably a good idea to change his anti-hypertensive medication, but in the circumstances, it is probably better to seek the advice of the surgical team who performed the CABG. before making the transition. The question of Viagra has been raised by Mr Pickles. This is not as straight forward as it might initially appear. Viagra has been shown to work well in these circumstances. It has the downside that it allows sexual intercourse which is associated with increased peaks of blood pressure. As Mr Pickles is still in the postoperative recovery phase (16 weeks) it would again be sensible to consult with the surgical team as to their advice on the issue. The other problem with Viagra is that if it transpires that the long term aetiology is actually psychological rather than purely physical, then the prescription of Viagra will often breed a feeling of psychological dependence which may firstly be both inappropriate and unnecessary and secondly, very hard to break. It is probably therefore inappropriate to consider such options at this stage in the management. 4.legal and professional accountability should be discussed. The legal and professional issues are largely covered in the making of a management plan. In any area of professional competence, the best defence against criticism or censure, is the fact that a healthcare professional works from a rational evidence-based plan. It is for this reason that we have set out the rational and reasoning for the plan that we have chosen to adopt. It is actually quite permissible (legally) for a healthcare professional to be wrong on any given issue, as long as they have come to a reasoned and rational decision based on the facts that were placed before them. And behaved in a way that the majority of their professional colleagues believe is reasonable in the circumstances. It is, of course, central to these considerations, that all actions are carefully and fully recorded in the patients notes Prescribing decisions 5.a critical discussion of influences on prescribing decisions. The area of prescribing for Mr Pickles is clearly important. To some extent, we have covered the reasoning behind the change of prescription earlier in this essay. There is a common misconception amongst many members of the public (and indeed many of the less experienced healthcare professionals) that the solution to every problem comes in the form of tablets on a prescription. The whole area of patient empowerment and education is often filled with issues of lifestyle change, healthy living, self care and positive thinking which can frequently be more effective that simply giving the patient a prescription. (Boule NG et al. 2001) In the context of the NHS, it is a common observation that sometimes a prescription is given because it is the most expedient short-term measure in a given situation, (Dawes RM et al. 1974), however, time invested in an explanation to a patient as to why other measures might be equally as important is rarely time wasted., (Corrigan B. 1974) Future management 6.consider your future prescribing activity based on experience gained from this case study. In any professional area of activity, the author likes to use the mechanism of reflective practice to allow a critical assessment of a past course of action to modify future actions when faced with a similar situation. (Gibbs, G 1988) On careful reflection of this case, I believe that I may have acted rather rashly in stopping the Atenolol as a first choice. On reflection, I believe that the Atenolol did need to be changed for any one of a number of other anti-hypertensive agents but I feel that, in retrospect, I would have been wiser to take advice from the surgical team before I made that decision. Further reflection and discussion with other healthcare professionals (Marks-Moran Rose 1996), suggested that another appropriate course of action would have been to stop the antihypertensive medication altogether for a short period. This is on the grounds that his hypertension was not severe and was hitherto well controlled. If the erectile dysfunction was simply a reflection of the fact that the medication was holding his blood pressure down to a level where erection could not easily occur, a few days off the medication may allow a transient increase in his blood pressure to the point that erection could occur. As long as one was careful to monitor his blood pressure to ensure that it did not rise too far, I have been advised that this would represent a reasonable therapeutic trial to establish whether the underlying causes were mainly physical or physiological.(Wagner G et al 1998). On the face of it, this does seem reasonable but I believe that I would have to take further advice before I was fully comfortable with that decision. It follows from what has already been discussed, that I also feel that I may have been too quick to consider the pharmacological interventions before making a complete holistic assessment of the patient. There are clearly a number of lifestyle adjustments that may be relevant here such as weight loss and increasing exercise and looking for a new focus in life (to minimise any element of depression) which would be comparatively easy to achieve with appropriate empowerment and education of the patient. (Funnell R et al 2004) All in all, this is not a straight forward case. There are many elements which require careful and considered assessment. I believe that it is one of those cases that helps to point out that although there is a huge emphasis to be placed on modern scientific understanding and application of medical principles, there is also a very large element of human understanding and caring that is so very important to the successful management of patients such as Mr Pickles (Waterlow J. 1998) References Ackerman MD, Carey MP. 1995 Psychologys role in the assessment of erectile dysfunction: historical precedents, current knowledge and methods. 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BMJ 1998; 316: 678-682 Waterlow J. (1998) Prevention is better than cure. Nurs Times 1988; 84: 69-70 Appendix